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乞力马扎罗山,世界简单大山吗?

上升超过19000英尺,非洲的最高峰没有多少的“爬”,但让一个优秀的第一次长途跋涉的高度。

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乞力马扎罗(19341英尺)最高的山在非洲大陆和在东半球。休眠的火山,乞力马扎罗山是著名的世界上最高的自立式山,上升超过16000英尺高的基于下面的高原,也作为第四个地球上最从地形上著名的高峰,之后珠穆朗玛峰,南美洲的,德纳里峰

乞力马扎罗山位于坦桑尼亚东北部,靠近肯尼亚边境的,和山的成熟,这些笨重的地块东西向延伸超过50英里。全部是同名的乞力马扎罗国家公园内,联合国教科文组织世界遗产大量的好望角野牛,大象,长颈鹿,豹,黑犀牛,蓝猴和狒狒。地块是三个火山锥,实验舱,Mawenzi,希拉,峰会,乌呼高峰,搁在实验舱crater-which也是唯一的边缘的三个不宣布“灭绝。“科学家估计乞力马扎罗最后一次喷发在360000年前。

乌呼峰值访问由七个徒步旅行的路线,没有持有的技术部分。峰值迅速萎缩的乞力马扎罗冰川也意味着95%的旅行甚至不需要基本的积雪和冰川(轴、冰爪等),虽然高度,天气,和低温仍构成威胁。

鉴于七峰会之一地位和相对“简单”的本质ascent-compared其他山峰的类似elevation-Kilimanjaro是一个极其受欢迎的旅行者和业余登山者的目标。每年超过30000旅行者尝试高峰,与大约80000的搬运工。很可能最爬峰海拔,甚至最爬了山5000米在世界任何地方。

徒步旅行在乞力马扎罗山。
乞力马扎罗威尔和团队的方法在2020年尝试一种罕见的冰在山上爬的违反壁山远足路线可能容易,但违反墙的乞力马扎罗山是知道作为一个高度技术和困难的路线。路线没有不可能;全球变暖融化了攀登的关键部分。(照片:基督教Pondella /红牛)

历史

乞力马扎罗的特点突出的原住民地区的民间传说,特别是Bantu-speaking查加人,他们住在山坡上的峰值了数千年。目前尚不清楚何时或是否首次攀登乞力马扎罗山时是由原住民,但考虑到山的相对技术缓解,这当然是可能的。

然而,这一技术缓解的一部分已经只有由于峰值迅速萎缩的冰川和其他气候变化影响,在20世纪才开始出现。(简而言之,早期土著登山者必须面对今天比登山者更严厉的条件。)

乞力马扎罗也可能知道自古以来,非洲的这可能是奇怪鉴于其极端地形突起和相对接近蒙巴萨(165英里)的贸易中心和非洲海岸。二世纪埃及数学家和天文学家托勒密记录水手“月亮山”的报道在东非,和西班牙人马丁·费尔南德斯•Enciso写道“埃塞俄比亚奥林匹斯山”的西方的蒙巴萨总结de Geografia(1519)。

德国传教士约翰Rebmann和约翰·Krapf首次试图达到乞力马扎罗山,记录和Rebmann 1848年的日记通常被视为第一个确认非非洲乞力马扎罗山的存在。普鲁士军官男爵卡尔·克劳斯·冯·盯人和英国地质学家理查德·桑顿在1861年早期的实验舱峰会,虽然天气阻碍他们的努力在8000英尺。未来三年的大部分时间里,几次。特别是英语传教查尔斯新在1871年达到了雪线约13000英尺。

第一个记录的乞力马扎罗山是10月6日,1889年,由德国地理学家和地质学家汉斯•迈耶和奥地利登山家路德维希Purtscheller陪同高营由当地斯瓦希里语Mwini阿玛尼和支持由两个地方部落领袖和几个搬运工。

这是第三个迈耶的尝试了1887年首次尝试看见他达到Kibo冰盖的边缘,并在1888年第二次尝试后流产梅尔和他的搭档被劫持为人质Abushiri反抗,当当地阿拉伯和斯瓦希里语背叛占领德国的奴隶和象牙贸易商。

今天,乞力马扎罗是一个模板对气候变化的影响。峰值的冰川萎缩超过80%自1900年代初以来,和一个最近联合国报告表明所有冰川山和剩余的冰川在非洲,在鲁文佐里山,肯尼亚将走了最晚到2050年,其他报告估计乞力马扎罗冰川损失一旦2030年完成。

乞力马扎罗冰川太。。
细节的威尔的并排比较太乞力马扎罗山4月1日,2020年在非洲坦桑尼亚,冰的体积的剧烈变化。

路线

有七个峰会乞力马扎罗山徒步旅行路线:Lemosho, Machame, Umbwe,威卡,Marangu, Rongai和感受。与大多数山脉,在乞力马扎罗是不依赖于路径选择的技术困难,峰值和路线之间的主要区别是路线的总长度,从而适应环境的时间。通常影响路径选择的其他因素包括成本,物流,和美丽的风景。

Umbwe,最短的路线,被认为是最困难的,尽管Machame Marangu,大大延长,是最受欢迎和最昂贵的。Lemosho Rongai,与此同时,提供最看到野生动物的机会。许多服饰公司还提供了一个结合长途跋涉,如“北方电路”,提升Lemosho,圆峰,然后下降韦卡。

虽然没有技术部分,乞力马扎罗山是近6000米高,所以高度,风,和低于冰点温度下才起作用仍然存在严重的障碍。大多数爬乞力马扎罗山的7到9天。

尽管其自然容易攀爬,乞力马扎罗举行困难,很少爬技术路线,违反墙直接首先在1978年攀升了Reinhold Messner和康拉德•Renzler。这个水冰V路线是客观危险,岩石和冰布,今天可能不能攀登由于气候变暖条件在山上。违反墙冰柱了几个上浮,notablye斯科特•菲舍尔和韦斯·克劳斯在1984年。

尽管乞力马扎罗山往往被视为一个“容易”爬,统计数据表明,只有45%到65%的尝试(通过所有航线)是成功的。这是归因于这样一个事实:大部分的人尝试乞力马扎罗山是背包客和徒步旅行者,没有登山者,缺乏经验的高度(或没有)。山上的声誉作为一个容易爬往往大幅吸引更广泛的人口在身体健康方面,年龄,技能,经验,和整体健康比其他山峰的大小。

爬乞力马扎罗山是违法不经过授权机构和指导服务。因此,乞力马扎罗之旅可以相当昂贵,运行从2500美元到5000美元,一旦航班和其他额外的费用计入。

事实和数据

  • 海拔:19341英尺
  • 范围:东部裂谷
  • 第一个上升:1889年10月6日
  • 第一个上升者:汉斯·迈耶和路德维希Purtscheller
  • 30000年的尝试:
  • 平均成功率:60%
  • 平均死亡率:0.03%
  • 平均成本上升:3000美元
冰上攀岩乞力马扎罗山。
威尔爬什么小冰仍在乞力马扎罗山峰顶的附近。(照片:基督教Pondella /红牛)

继续话题

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